As the virus replicates and spreads, infected cells release distress signals known as chemokines and cytokines (which in turn activate inflammatory mediators). Rhinovirus C uses cadherin-related family member 3 (CDHR3) to mediate cellular entry. Some subgroups under A and B uses the "minor" LDL receptor instead. Rhinovirus A and B use "major" ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1), also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54), on respiratory epithelial cells, as receptors to bind to. The primary route of entry for human rhinoviruses is the upper respiratory tract (mouth and nose). Those most affected by rhinoviruses are infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. The changes in temperature, humidity and wind patterns seem to be factors. Lower ambient temperatures, especially outdoors, may also be a factor given that rhinoviruses preferentially replicate at 32 ☌ (89 ☏) as opposed to 37 ☌ (98 ☏). The seasonality may be due to the start of the school year and to people spending more time indoors thereby increasing the chance of transmission of the virus. In the United States, the incidence of colds is higher in the autumn and winter, with most infections occurring between September and April. Children may have six to twelve colds a year. Fever and extreme exhaustion are more usual in influenza. Most sinus findings are reversible consistent with a self-limited viral process typical of rhinovirus colds. Symptoms include sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing and cough sometimes accompanied by muscle aches, fatigue, malaise, headache, muscle weakness, or loss of appetite. Rhinoviruses are spread worldwide and are the primary cause of the common cold. Rhinoviruses may be spread via airborne aerosols, respiratory droplets and from fomites (contaminated surfaces), including direct person-to-person contact. In 1953, when a cluster of nurses developed a mild respiratory illness, Winston Price, from the Johns Hopkins University, took nasal passage samples and isolated the first rhinovirus, which he called the JH virus, named after Johns Hopkins. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers, while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm. They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 165 recognized types that differ according to their surface antigens or genetics. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 ☌ (91–95 ☏), the temperatures found in the nose. The rhinovirus (from the Ancient Greek: ῥίς, romanized: rhis "nose", gen ῥινός, romanized: rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin: vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. JSTOR ( July 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ĭladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa.Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. This article needs additional citations for verification.
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